Block RAM

The BRAM tile contains one bel, the block RAM. It corresponds to four vertically stacked interconnect tiles. The BRAM bel is a significantly improved version of the Virtex 2 block RAM, introducing:

• optional data output pipeline registers
• hardware ECC encoder and decoder (with error correction)
• per-byte write enable
• cascade capability, for chaining two vertically adjacent BRAMs into one 32768×1 RAM
• independent read and write width for a port
• hardware FIFO controller

The BRAM bel can be used in three ways:

• plain RAM mode, corresponding to RAMB16 library primitive
• ECC RAM mode, corresponding to RAMB32_S64_ECC library primitive; this requires a pair of BRAM tiles, aligned to a multiple of 8 rows
• FIFO mode, corresponding to FIFO16 library primitive

The bel has the following inputs connected via general interconnect:

• CLK[AB] (freely invertible through the interconnect): clocks for port A and port B
• EN[AB] (freely invertible through the interconnect): enable for port A and port B
• SSR[AB] (freely invertible through the interconnect): synchronous set/reset for the read ports
• REGCE[AB] (freely invertible through the interconnect): pipeline register clock enable for read ports
• WE[AB][0-3] (freely invertible through the bel): per-byte write enable for port A and port B
• ADDR[AB]0 through ADDR[AB]14, the address buses for port A and port B; ADDR[AB]14 is used only for cascade mode, and must be tied high otherwise
• DI[AB]0 through DI[AB]31: the main data input for port A and port B
• DIP[AB]0 through DIP[AB]3: the parity data input for port A and port B

The bel has the following output pins connected via general interconnect:

• DO[AB]0 through DO[AB]31: the main data output for port A and port B
• DOP[AB]0 through DOP[AB]3: the parity data output for port A and port B

The bel also has special pins routed through dedicated interconnect:

• CASCADEOUT[AB]: cascade outputs, used to implement the cascade function
• CASCADEIN[AB]: cascade inputs, connected to the CASCADEOUT[AB] pins of the BRAM in the tile immediately below

The cascade is not routed across PowerPC holes — cascade functionality cannot be used between BRAMs on two sides of the PowerPC hole.

The attributes of the BRAM bel are:

• MODE: selects the operating mode of the bel

  • RAM: implements a RAM
  • FIFO: implements a FIFO

• WE[AB][0-3]INV: when set, the corresponding pin is inverted

• EN_ECC_READ (4-bit value) and EN_ECC_WRITE (4-bit value): must all be set when in ECC mode, exact workings unknown

• READ_WIDTH_[AB] selects the read width of the given port; the values are:

  • 1: DO[AB]0 is used for data, ADDR[AB][0-14] is used for address
  • 2: DO[AB][01] is used for data, ADDR[AB][1-14] is used for address
  • 4: DO[AB][0-3] is used for data, ADDR[AB][2-14] is used for address
  • 9: DO[AB][0-7] and DOP[AB]0 are used for data, ADDR[AB][3-14] is used for address
  • 18: DO[AB][0-15] and DOP[AB][01] are used for data, ADDR[AB][4-14] is used for address
  • 36: DO[AB][0-31] and DOP[AB][0-3] are used for data, ADDR[AB][5-14] is used for address

• WRITE_WIDTH_[AB] selects the write width of the given port; the values are:

  • 1: DI[AB]0 is used for data, ADDR[AB][0-14] is used for address
  • 2: DI[AB][01] is used for data, ADDR[AB][1-14] is used for address
  • 4: DI[AB][0-3] is used for data, ADDR[AB][2-14] is used for address
  • 9: DI[AB][0-7] and DIP[AB]0 are used for data, ADDR[AB][3-14] is used for address
  • 18: DI[AB][0-15] and DIP[AB][01] are used for data, ADDR[AB][4-14] is used for address
  • 36: DI[AB][0-31] and DIP[AB][0-3] are used for data, ADDR[AB][5-14] is used for address

• FIFO_WIDTH: selects the data width when in FIFO mode; must be equal to READ_WIDTH_A and WRITE_WIDTH_B

• WRITE_MODE_[AB]: selects behavior of the read port when writing, the values are:

  • WRITE_FIRST: data output shows just-written data
  • READ_FIRST: data output shows data previously in memory at the given address
  • NO_CHANGE: the data output is unchanged from previous cycle

  Both of these attributes must be set to WRITE_FIRST in FIFO mode.

• SRVAL_[AB] (36-bit value): selects the set/reset value of the read port; the low 32 bits correspond to DO[AB][0-31] while the high 4 bits correspond to DOP[AB][0-3]

• INIT_[AB] (36-bit value): selects the initial value of the read port; the low 32 bits correspond to DO[AB][0-31] while the high 4 bits correspond to DOP[AB][0-3]

• DO[AB]_REG : selects number of pipeline registers for read port

  • 0: no pipeline registers, just output latches; same behavior as older FPGAs
  • 1: one additional pipeline register on the read port

  Both of these attributes must be set to WRITE_FIRST in FIFO mode.

• RAM_EXTENSION_[AB]: controls the cascade mode for the given port

  • NONE_UPPER: the port is not in cascade mode, or it is the upper BRAM in cascade mode

    • when ADDR[AB]14 is high, data is written to BRAM and/or read from BRAM
    • when ADDR[AB]14 is low, data is not written to BRAM; read data is forwarded from CASCADEIN[AB]

    If the BRAM is not part of cascade, ADDR[AB]14 should be tied high.

  • LOWER: the port is the lower BRAM in cascade mode

    • when ADDR[AB]14 is high, data is not written to BRAM
    • when ADDR[AB]14 is low, data is written to BRAM

• INVERT_CLK_DO[AB]_REG: if set, the clock controlling the pipeline register is inverted from CLK[AB]

• DATA (16384-bit value): the initial data for the BRAM main plane; corresponds to concatenation of INIT_xx primitive attributes

• DATAP (2048-bit value): the initial data for the BRAM parity plane; corresponds to concatenation of INITP_xx primitive attributes

• SAVEDATA (64-bit value): if set, the BRAM data will not be written during partial reconfiguration; the attribute has one bit per frame of the bitstream BRAM data tile

• FIRST_WORD_FALL_THROUGH: like the corresponding FIFO16 attribute

• ALMOST_FULL_OFFSET (12-bit value): like the corresponding FIFO16 attribute

• ALMOST_EMPTY_OFFSET (12-bit value): like the corresponding FIFO16 attribute, except the bitstream value is:

  • 1 smaller then primitive attribute when not in FWFT mode
  • 2 smaller then primitive attribute when in FWFT mode

• WW_VALUE: unknown purpose, must be set to NONE

TODO: details of SAVEDATA

FIFO mode

When used in FIFO mode, the pins are repurposed as follows:

• CLKA: becomes RDCLK
• CLKB: becomes WRCLK
• ENA: becomes RDEN
• ENB: becomes WREN
• SSRA: becomes RST
• SSRB: unused
• REGCE[AB]: unused
• WE[AB]*: unused
• ADDR[AB]*: unused; address generation is done internally by FIFO logic
• DIB* and DIPB*: used as DI* and DIP*, the data input
• DIA* and DIPA*: unused
• DOA* and DOPA*: used as DO* and DOP*, the data output
• DOB[0-3]: becomes RDCOUNT[0-3]
• DOB4: unused
• DOB5: becomes RDERR
• DOB6: becomes ALMOSTEMPTY
• DOB7: becomes EMPTY
• DOB8: becomes FULL
• DOB9: becomes ALMOSTFULL
• DOB10: becomes WRERR
• DOB11: unused
• DOB[12-15]: becomes RDCOUNT[8-11]
• DOB[16-23]: becomes WRCOUNT[0-7]
• DOB[24-27]: becomes RDCOUNT[4-7]
• DOB[28-31]: becomes WRCOUNT[8-11]

TODO: details of FIFO mode

ECC mode

To use the ECC mode an implement a RAMB32_S64_ECC primitive, do the following:

• pick a pair of aligned adjacent BRAM tiles (the lower one having bottom row index divisible by 8)

• use the A port for reading, B port for writing

• connect CLK[AB], EN[AB], ADDR[AB] appropriately, mirroring them across both BRAMs

• tie WEA* low, WEB* high

• tie REGCEA high

• tie SSR[AB] low

• set DOA_REG appropriately

• set EN_ECC_READ and EN_ECC_WRITE to all-1

• set READ_WIDTH_[AB] and WRITE_WIDTH_[AB] to 36

• connect DI and DO of the primitive as follows:

  • bits 0-13 to lower D{IB|OA}[0-13]
  • bit 14 to lower D{IB|OA}P1
  • bit 15 to lower D{IB|OA}P3
  • bits 16-29 to lower D{IB|OA}[16-19]
  • bit 30 to lower D{IB|OA}P0
  • bit 31 to lower D{IB|OA}P2
  • bits 32-45 to upper D{IB|OA}[0-13]
  • bit 46 to upper D{IB|OA}P1
  • bit 47 to upper D{IB|OA}P3
  • bits 48-61 to upper D{IB|OA}[16-19]
  • bit 62 to upper D{IB|OA}P0
  • bit 63 to upper D{IB|OA}P2

• connect STATUS[0] of the primitive to lower DOA31

• connect STATUS[0] of the primitive to upper DOA0

TODO: details of ECC mode

Bitstream

The data for a BRAM is spread across 5 bitstream tiles:

• tiles 0-3: the 4 bitstream tiles that are shared with the INT interconnect tiles (starting from the bottom)
• tile 4: the dedicated BRAM data tile located in the BRAM data area; this tile is 64×320 bits; it contains solely the DATA and DATAP attributes and the SAVEDATA attribute